Is hMPV The New COVID? Symptoms & Prevention Tips

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is not new but has recently drawn more attention in global health. This thorough guide provides information about hMPV, its effects, and our options for community and personal protection.

What is Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV)?

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a newly discovered common respiratory virus that belongs to the same family as parainfluenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus. It affects the respiratory system and can cause anything from a mild cold to severe breathing problems. Since its discovery in 2001, it has become known as a leading cause of respiratory illness, especially in children, older adults, and people with weak immune systems.

Definition and Classification

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) as a respiratory virus

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a significant player in the world of respiratory viruses. Belonging to the Pneumoviridae family, which also includes the well-known respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), hMPV is a common cause of respiratory illnesses globally. This virus primarily affects young children, older adults, and individuals with weakened immune systems, making it a critical focus for public health.

hMPV is a single-stranded RNA virus, meaning its genetic material consists of a single strand of RNA. This virus is further classified into two main subgroups, A and B, each with distinct genetic and antigenic characteristics. These subgroups are further divided into subtypes, which can vary in their severity and transmission patterns. Understanding these classifications is essential for developing effective diagnostic and treatment strategies for hMPV infections.

How hMPV Compares to Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Other Respiratory Viruses

Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) affect the respiratory system and cause similar symptoms, often leading to respiratory infections. These symptoms can range from mild cold-like signs to severe breathing problems. Both viruses concern young children and can cause wheezing, pneumonia, and bronchiolitis.

Here are some key differences between HMPV and RSV:

• Age Group Impact: HMPV usually affects slightly older children, while RSV is more common in infants.

• Fever: HMPV cases tend to have more frequent fevers than RSV or the flu.

• Season: RSV mainly spreads during winter, while HMPV can spread throughout the year, peaking in colder weather.

How is Human Metapneumovirus Transmitted?

The virus spreads through respiratory secretions from an infected person. It can be transmitted through direct contact, like shaking hands or droplets from coughing, sneezing, or talking. Touching contaminated surfaces and then your face can also cause infection.

hMPV virus spreads quickly in crowded places, especially during late winter and early spring. To prevent it, wash your hands, disinfect surfaces, and avoid close contact with sick people.

From Mild to Severe Symptoms of hMPV

Most people infected with hMPV experience moderate symptoms such as fever, sore throat, runny nose, and cough. There have also been cases of more serious illnesses, including wheezing, coughing, hoarseness, pneumonia, and, in adults, worsening asthma. More severe respiratory diseases can be brought on by hMPV in older adults, children under one year old, and those with compromised immune systems.

Diagnosis Methods

Methods for detecting hMPV 

Diagnosing an hMPV infection involves a combination of clinical evaluation and laboratory testing. Here are the most common methods used to detect hMPV:

1. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): This molecular test is highly sensitive and detects the genetic material of the virus in respiratory secretions, such as nasal or throat swabs. PCR is often the go-to method for confirming hMPV infection due to its accuracy.
2. Serology: This method measures the levels of antibodies against hMPV in the blood. Serology is particularly useful for diagnosing hMPV in individuals with mild symptoms or for epidemiological studies.
3. Rapid Antigen Test: This quick test detects the presence of hMPV antigens in respiratory secretions. While not as sensitive as PCR, it provides rapid results, which can be crucial in clinical settings.
4. Imaging Studies: In cases where severe symptoms are present, chest X-rays or computed tomography (CT) scans may be used to assess lung involvement and rule out other conditions. These imaging studies help in understanding the extent of the respiratory infection.

How is hMPV Treated?

hMPV usually clears up independently, so treatment focuses on easing symptoms. In cases of more severe illness, additional treatments such as corticosteroids or hospitalization may be necessary. Over-the-counter medications like acetaminophen or ibuprofen can help reduce pain and fever. A decongestant may relieve nasal congestion.

A temporary inhaler or inhaled corticosteroid might be needed for severe wheezing or coughing. In some cases, your doctor may recommend an oral medication like prednisone.

High-Risk Groups and Complications

Individuals with weakened immune systems

Certain groups of people are at a higher risk of developing severe hMPV infections. These include:

1. Young Children: Children under the age of 5, especially those with underlying health conditions, are more susceptible to hMPV infections. Their developing immune systems make them more vulnerable to severe symptoms.
2. Older Adults: As we age, our immune systems weaken, making older adults, particularly those with chronic health conditions, more likely to experience severe hMPV infections.
3. Immunocompromised Individuals: People with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, cancer, or those taking immunosuppressive medications, are at a higher risk of severe hMPV infections. Their compromised immune systems struggle to fight off the virus effectively.
4. Pregnant Women: Pregnant women, especially those with underlying health conditions, are also at a higher risk of developing severe hMPV infections. The physiological changes during pregnancy can make them more susceptible to respiratory illnesses.

Complications from hMPV infections can be serious and include:

1. Respiratory Failure: Severe hMPV infections can lead to respiratory failure, necessitating mechanical ventilation to support breathing.
2. Pneumonia: hMPV can cause pneumonia, particularly in individuals with underlying health conditions, leading to severe illness and hospitalization.
3. Bronchiolitis: This condition, characterized by inflammation of the small airways, can be a result of hMPV infection, especially in young children.
4. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Exacerbation: Individuals with COPD may experience a worsening of their symptoms due to hMPV infection, leading to more severe respiratory issues.

By understanding these high-risk groups and potential complications, healthcare providers can better manage and treat hMPV infections, reducing the risk of severe outcomes.

Preventing hMPV

Avoid social interaction and wash your hands often if you have hMPV. Avoid exchanging goods and cover your mouth when coughing. Maintaining current vaccines and taking extra measures are essential for people with long-term lung issues.

In extreme situations, hospitalization can be required. IV fluids for hydration, corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms, and oxygen therapy to aid in breathing are among possible forms of treatment.

Managing hMPV

How Long Does the Virus Last?

Mild cases of hMPV usually last a few days to a week. In cases of more severe illness, recovery may take longer and require additional medical attention. If you’re feeling very sick, recovery may take longer. Some symptoms, like coughing, may persist even after other symptoms disappear.

How Can I Take Care of Myself?

For mild symptoms, you can manage at home by:

• Drinking plenty of fluids to stay hydrated.

• Taking over-the-counter medications such as pain relievers, decongestants, or cough suppressants. Be sure to consult with your doctor before giving medicines to children, as some may not be safe for them.

• Individuals with a weakened immune system should consult their doctor for personalized care recommendations.

When to See a Doctor

High-risk groups, like young children, older adults, and people with chronic illnesses, should see a doctor if symptoms worsen or if they have been in close contact with an infected person. You can consult Dr. Syra Hanif at Manhattan Medical Arts for expert advice. Dr. Hanif is experienced in respiratory illnesses and can provide personalized care and recommendations.

FAQ’s

Final Notes 

hMPV is a common respiratory virus that usually causes cold-like symptoms. If you’re over 5 years old, you’ve probably had it at least once. Most people recover at home within a few days. However, young children, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems are at a higher risk for serious complications. Manhattan Medical Arts’ Dr. Syra recommends controlling hMPV by concentrating on symptom alleviation. Stay hydrated by drinking lots of water, using over-the-counter medications such as painkillers and decongestants, and getting enough sleep. Immediately seek medical assistance if symptoms worsen or breathing becomes difficult.